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Active and Passive Voices
Sentences can be structured in two ways: active and passive voices. Understanding these voices helps improve sentence
structure and clarity in writing.

Active Voice: The subject of the sentence performs the action.
Example: "The cat chased the mouse."
(The subject "cat" is doing the action.)
Passive Voice: The subject of the sentence receives the action.

Example: "The mouse was chased by the cat".
(The subject "mouse" is receiving the action.)

1.5.5. Types of Sentences—Classification III

There are four types of sentences: declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, and imperative as shown in the table:
Declarative Sentence Interrogative Sentence Exclamatory Sentence Imperative Sentence

It conveys information or It always asks a question An exclamatory statement These sentences convey an
expresses a fact. It always and ends with a question conveys a powerful emotion, order, instruction, request,
terminates with a full stop mark (?). such as joy, grief, terror, or or word of advice. It can be
(.). This is the most typical wonder. It is always followed terminated with a full stop or
type of sentence. by an exclamation mark (!). an exclamation mark (. or !).
Examples Examples Examples Examples
We own a cat. Are you hungry? Yippee! I passed the test. Cook the vegetables.
She has finished reading Did she pass the exam? Alas! I lost my bag. Complete this work by tomorrow.
that book.

1.6. CONSTRUCTION OF A PARAGRAPH

A paragraph is a group of related sentences that develop a single main idea. It typically consists of three main parts: a
topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence. The topic sentence introduces the main idea of the
paragraph and sets the direction for the reader. The supporting sentences provide explanations, examples, or details
that expand on the topic sentence. These sentences should be logically connected, maintaining a smooth flow of ideas.
Finally, a concluding sentence summarizes the paragraph or provides a transition to the next one.
When constructing a paragraph, it is essential to ensure coherence and unity. Coherence means that the sentences are
arranged in a logical order, making the paragraph easy to read and understand. This can be achieved through the use
of transition words such as firstly, moreover, therefore, and however. Unity ensures that every sentence in the paragraph
relates to the main idea, avoiding unnecessary or unrelated information.
For example, if writing a paragraph about your school, the topic sentence might introduce the school’s name and
location. The supporting sentences can describe its size, number of students, facilities, and special programs. Finally, the
concluding sentence could summarize why the school is important or enjoyable. By following this structure, a paragraph
becomes clear, well-organised, and effective in conveying ideas.
Some general rules for writing a paragraph are:
• It begins on a new line.
• The first line has an indentation.

• It focuses on a main theme.

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